Special Second Order Non Symmetric Fitted Method for Singular Perturbation Problems

In this paper, we present a special second order non symmetric fitted difference method for solving singular perturbed two point boundary value problems having boundary layer at one end. We introduce a fitting factor in the special second order non symmetric finite difference scheme which takes care of the rapid changes occur that in the boundary layer. The value of this fitting factor is obtained from the theory of singular perturbations. The discrete invariant imbedding algorithm is used to solve the tridiagonal system obtained by the method. We discuss the existence and uniqueness of the discrete problem along with stability estimates and the convergence of the method. We present the maximum absolute errors in numerical results to illustrate the proposed method. Keywords: Singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problem, Boundary layer, Fitting factor, Maximum absolute erro

Lovastatin production by Aspergillus fischeri under solid state fermentation from coconut oil cake

The main aim of the present investigation was to optimize the fermentation parameters that enhance the maximum production of lovastatin by Aspergillus fischeri using coconut oil cake as the solid substrate under solid state fermentation. The maximum yield of lovastatin (14.77 mg/g dry substrate) using coconut oil cake as the substrate was achieved with the following optimized process parameters: fermentation time (7 days), initial moisture content (60% v/w), inoculum volume (2ml of five day old culture), initial pH (5.0), incubation temperature (30ºC), lactose (1% w/v) and malt extract (1% w/v).Keywords: Lovastatin; Aspergillus fischeri; Coconut oil cake; Fermentation parameters; OptimizationDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v2i1.5641 Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Jan.2012, Vol.2(1): 26-36&nbsp

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

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Not AvailableHypoxia inducible factor-1(HIF-1) is a bHLH-family transcription factor that control genes involved in glucolysis, angiogenesis, migration, as well as invasion factors that are important for tumor progression and metastasis. HIF-1, a hetero dimer of HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta, binds to the hypoxia responsive genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is one the molecular target for angiogenesis. A series of Chalcone - like compounds described that preferentially inhibit HIF-1 dimer, which can interact with amino acids within the active site of the protein. It is of interest model the HIF-1 dimer protein and protein was subjected to molecular dynamics simulations using NAMD 2.9 software with CHARMM27 force field in water and the protein structure was minimized with 25000 steps for 500 ps and simulation with 1000000 steps for 2ns. 2500 compounds were screened from Zinc database through structure based virtual screening with references to Chalcone natural drug compound. The screened compounds were docked into the active site of the protein using AutoDock Vina in PyRx Virtual screening tool. The docking result showed the compounds Zinc04280532, Zinc04280533, Zinc04280469, Zinc04280534, Zinc16405915, Zinc04277060, Zinc04280538, Zinc04582923, Zinc05280554 and Zinc05943723 have high binding affinities then query compound. The lead hit compounds were also testing for toxicity and bioavailability using Osiris and Molinspiration online server. The active site amino acids such as TYR-21, ASN-34, VAL-35, MET-18, LYS-17, SER-36, ARG46 and ARG-14 are key role in the inhibitors activity. This is useful in the design of small molecule therapeutics or the treatment of different abnormalities associated with impaired HIF-1 alpha.Not Availabl

Food security in the context of liberalizationinindia a macro analysis

After introducing liberalization under New Economic Policy in India some major changes were made in the agricultural sector such as the small and marginal farmers have been affected, due to reduction in the fertilizer, chemical subsidies and implementation of poverty alleviation program, which affected on the shift of area under food production to export oriented commercial crops. And changes were made in the area under food and non food crops, change in the land use pattern, which cause price hike in food crops. In this background this paper discusses food security in the context of pre and post liberalization. This is based on secondary data, which is obtained from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture. Using these data the paper analyzes changing pattern of food crops and change of area from food crops to non food crops. Paired t- test is used to find out changes in the trends in the area under food grains and total production of food grains, pulses, and oilseeds during the period of pre and post liberalization periods. Conclude that after liberalization, food grain production increases at marginal rate, trends of area under non food crops has been increased. In the context of liberalization the least expansion is captivating in the agricultural sector

Beyond Binary: The Capabilities of Classical and Quantum Computing for Securing Data Transmission

In the present times, the demand for sophisticated encryption methods has escalated, especially for securing data transmission in vulnerable environments. These methods leverage diverse algorithms to fortify the integrity of communication channels. Quantum mechanics plays a pivotal role in two specific areas: quantum key distribution and property-based cryptography, both of which contribute to establishing secure communication protocols. This study focuses on conducting a comparative evaluation of classical and quantum cryptography, employing various cryptography algorithms. The objective is to ascertain the optimal algorithm within each realm classical and quantum cryptography for ensuring robust security